Source : ZAYED UNIVERSITY WEBSITE
Our Mission
INTRODUCTION
Gender-based violence (GBV) is a significant global issue with wide-ranging economic, social, and health consequences. However, due to insufficient data, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding this problem. This research project aims to bridge this knowledge gap by investigating the prevalence of and attitudes towards GBV among members of the Zayed University community in the UAE. Through the analysis of individual characteristics and attitudes, the research seeks to explore the factors that influence GBV experiences and perceptions, and provide valuable evidence for policy recommendations and prevention initiatives.
The existing literature highlights the adverse effects of GBV on women's health, well-being, and economic status around the world. This project expands upon this knowledge by quantifying the extent of GBV and examining its drivers within the specific context of the UAE. In addition, the project seeks to understand under what circumstances individuals perceive GBV as permissible. To achieve this, a new survey will be administered, supplemented by alternative data sources. The collected data will be analyzed using regression analysis and qualitative techniques (focus groups) to identify the factors that contribute to GBV and offer insightful findings.
By conducting a comprehensive study among Zayed University community members, this research project aims to fill the existing knowledge gap regarding GBV in the UAE. The resulting findings will inform evidence-based policy recommendations, shed light on the prevalence and drivers of GBV, and support ongoing efforts to address this urgent issue. The proposed project is very much in line with the policies regarding GBV implemented by the UAE government. Article 9 (1) of the Federal Decree - Law No.10 of 2019 concerning Protection from Domestic Violence specifies that anyone guilty of committing emotional, physical, sexual or economic abuse is subject to a penalty of up to Dhs 5,000 and/or jail time of up to six months (Khaleej Times 2021). Similarly, the project will build on work conducted by Abu Dhabi’s Department for Community Development, which recently concluded a survey (in partnership with Ewaa) aimed at uncovering the causes of domestic violence and understanding patterns of abusive behavior (Emirati Times 2022).
OBJECTIVE AND IMPACT
Gender-based violence costs the global economy 1.5 trillion USD, equivalent to 2% of the global gross GDP (Puri 2016). Yet, researchers and policymakers lack an understanding of the extent of GBV and its causes, largey due to inadequate or unavailable data. This project seeks to fill this knowledge gap and has several intertwined objectives. When it comes to innovation, it aims to conduct the first (to the authors’ knowledge) rigorous and evidence-based study on GBV and attitudes towards GBV using a new survey to be conducted with students, faculty and staff at Zayed University in the UAE. The ZU survey will also be supplemented with focus group discussions with ZU members to help determine the causal factors at play. The analysis will investigate whether and how a variety of factors – including individual characteristics such as economic background, parental background, gender, age and location – influence individual and community experiences with and perceptions of GBV in the UAE.
When it comes to community impact, the study will engage with three levels of the community. First, the findings of the research will be utilized to organize a workshop at Zayed University in May 2024. This workshop will serve as a platform to discuss the results of the study, focusing on the ZU survey data, and to engage in a dialogue with academics and policymakers on GBV. Second, the PIs and research assistant will also disseminate the results of the study by organizing a webinar and/or workshops with international organizations, such as the UN Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia and the World Bank Gender Unit (with which the PI has worked extensively in the past and has long-standing connections). The PIs and the research assistant will also explore options for engaging UAE entities with the research, with the aim of incorporating the findings of the research in policy dscussions on GBV prevention and sensitization in the UAE. If awarded the reseach award, we also plan to create a website with the project results which will be used to catalyze the research and policy discussion on GBV in the UAE.
The team offers complementary skills that will be essential for completing this truly interdisciplinary project. The PI has an extensive academic and policy experience in the field of gender economics, political science, survey methods and design, and in using academic research for policy advice. She has published on the topics relevant for the proposal in high-ranking journals such as Economic Policy, Economic Systems, and Journal of Comparative Economics, among others and has authored 10+ evidence-driven policy reports on gender issues for UN ESCWA, African Development Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Milennium Challenge Corporation, and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (a full list of the PI’s policy and academic publications is available upon request). The RA is a second-year Emirati student at Zayed’s College of Interdisciplinary Studies majoring in Computational Studies. She has been working with the PI on a variety of research projects since January 2023 and is highly proficient in quantitative analysis and programming (including Python), writing and critical analysis. More RAs will be hired through Zayed University for the needs of this project. The Co-PI has previously worked in clinical psychology research in a variety of different settings. Her primary focus has been research on serious mental illness, particularly Psychosis. She has also studied conduct disorder in high-risk adolescents. At ZU, Aaina helped facilitate a program to bring Ewaa to the campus to train psychology students to become Ewaa ambassadors.
When it comes to community impact, the study will engage with three levels of the community. First, the findings of the research will be utilized to organize a workshop at Zayed University in May 2024. This workshop will serve as a platform to discuss the results of the study, focusing on the ZU survey data, and to engage in a dialogue with academics and policymakers on GBV. Second, the PIs and research assistant will also disseminate the results of the study by organizing a webinar and/or workshops with international organizations, such as the UN Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia and the World Bank Gender Unit (with which the PI has worked extensively in the past and has long-standing connections). The PIs and the research assistant will also explore options for engaging UAE entities with the research, with the aim of incorporating the findings of the research in policy dscussions on GBV prevention and sensitization in the UAE. If awarded the reseach award, we also plan to create a website with the project results which will be used to catalyze the research and policy discussion on GBV in the UAE.
The team offers complementary skills that will be essential for completing this truly interdisciplinary project. The PI has an extensive academic and policy experience in the field of gender economics, political science, survey methods and design, and in using academic research for policy advice. She has published on the topics relevant for the proposal in high-ranking journals such as Economic Policy, Economic Systems, and Journal of Comparative Economics, among others and has authored 10+ evidence-driven policy reports on gender issues for UN ESCWA, African Development Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Milennium Challenge Corporation, and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (a full list of the PI’s policy and academic publications is available upon request). The RA is a second-year Emirati student at Zayed’s College of Interdisciplinary Studies majoring in Computational Studies. She has been working with the PI on a variety of research projects since January 2023 and is highly proficient in quantitative analysis and programming (including Python), writing and critical analysis. More RAs will be hired through Zayed University for the needs of this project. The Co-PI has previously worked in clinical psychology research in a variety of different settings. Her primary focus has been research on serious mental illness, particularly Psychosis. She has also studied conduct disorder in high-risk adolescents. At ZU, Aaina helped facilitate a program to bring Ewaa to the campus to train psychology students to become Ewaa ambassadors.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The prevalence of GBV in the UAE is difficult to estimate due to limited data and underreporting of GBV incidents. However, existing studies suggest that GBV is a pervasive problem in the Arab region. According to a report by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (UN ESCWA), up to 37% of women in the Arab region experience some form of violence in their lifetime (UN ESCWA, 2019). This includes physical, sexual, and emotional violence perpetrated by intimate partners, as well as non-partner violence such as sexual harassment and assault in public spaces.
There is a growing body of literature that highlights the negative impact of GBV on women's health, well-being, and economic status. For instance, women who experience GBV are at increased risk for a range of physical and mental health problems, including injuries, chronic pain, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Devries et al., 2013). GBV can also have long-term health consequences, such as chronic health problems and reproductive health issues (Ellsberg et al., 2008). Morover, GBV can have significant economic consequences for women, including lost productivity, reduced earnings, and increased healthcare costs (Duvvury et al., 2013). Women who experience GBV may also be more likely to miss work or lose their jobs, which can exacerbate their socio-economic status (Ellsberg et al., 2008). GBV can also have a significant social impact on women, including social isolation, stigma, and discrimination (Heise et al., 1999). Women who experience GBV may also face barriers to accessing social services and support, including healthcare, legal aid, and counseling (Pallitto & O'Campo, 2005). Addressing these impacts is impossible without adequate data and an understanding of the prevalence of drivers of GBV in the Arab region, including the UAE. However, the evidence on the prevalence, drivers and attitudes towards GBV in the UAE is very limited. The few available studies are reviewed below.
Attitudes towards GBV in the UAE and the Arab region are influenced by various factors, including cultural and traditional norms, as well as broader structural inequalities (Al Atom, 2015). A survey study conducted on members of the Arab League highlights the UAE's relatively positive ranking in women's reproductive rights and political participation, while identifying challenges in areas such as violence against women and women's economic participation (Chowdhury, 2015). Studies on gender roles in the Arab region emphasize the diverse range of attitudes shaped by religion, custom, family, and law, which impact women's freedom and opportunities (PBS, 2002). By contrast, other studies challenge the perception that Islam is universally oppressive towards women, as evidence suggests that it has also been instrumental in women's rights reform (Pew Research Center, 2006). A nuanced understanding of Arab attitudes towards gender roles is crucial, considering their complexity and the interplay between religion, culture, and women's rights (Chowdhury, 2015). Acknowledging these diverse attitudes and addressing the underlying factors is essential in effectively addressing GBV and promoting gender equality in the region.
In contemporary scholarly works, GBV in the UAE has shown to be influenced by the coexistence of traditional and modern values (Almulla, 2020). Several factors contribute to GBV in the UAE and other Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. These factors encompass demographic characteristics such as age, marital status, and weight, as well as socio-cultural aspects like polygamous marriages and households that tolerate marital violence (Al Kiyumi et al., 2023). Moreover, husbands with adverse childhood experiences, low education, unemployment, substance misuse, poor self-regulation, poor mental health outcomes, and autocratic tendencies are more likely to perpetrate domestic violence (Al Kiyumi et al., 2023). Gender-based violence against women journalists in the UAE is driven by intimidation and violence related to their work, defamation and attacks for their reporting, harassment in various settings, as well as prejudice, stereotypes, cultural norms, and gender roles (Arab journalists' body, 2021; Safa & Akter, 2015). Similarly, in Qatar, gender-based violence is shaped by societal expectations of gender roles and the conflicts that arise when these roles are challenged. Cultural values, norms, and power imbalances between genders contribute to the perpetuation of violence (Al-Kuwari, 2020). Furthermore, cultural norms that legitimize violence, structures of patriarchy, lack of economic and political power, absence of legal and institutional support, and gender-discriminatory workplace structures are key causes of GBV in GCC societies (Al-Kuwari, 2020). It is important to address the issue of safety for women entrepreneurs, particularly those operating in informal sectors, as violence or the threat of violence hampers their freedom in choosing business location and hours, limiting their opportunities for success (Taqi, 2016). Understanding the prevalence and drivers of GBV in the UAE holds paramount importance for research and policy endeavors aimed at effective prevention and intervention efforts.
This research project aligns with the UAE's commitment to gender equality and combating GBV. According to the United Arab Emirates' National Report on the Implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women 2019), the UAE has made significant progress by enshrining the principle of prohibiting gender-based discrimination in its constitution and national laws, ratifying international conventions, and establishing institutions like the Gender Balance Council. The "National Strategy for Women's Empowerment and Entrepreneurship" and the "National Strategy for Motherhood and Childhood" demonstrate the UAE's dedication to women's advancement and child protection. Moreover, UAE agencies such as Ewaa and Ma'an actively engage in various aspects of social welfare and community development. These agencies play a crucial role in addressing GBV and promoting the well-being of individuals in the UAE. In building upon the UAE's existing efforts, this research project aims to contribute to the ongoing activities in combating GBV effectively, generating valuable insights for policy recommendations and prevention strategies, and further deepening the understanding of GBV drivers to address this pressing social challenge in the UAE.
There is a growing body of literature that highlights the negative impact of GBV on women's health, well-being, and economic status. For instance, women who experience GBV are at increased risk for a range of physical and mental health problems, including injuries, chronic pain, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Devries et al., 2013). GBV can also have long-term health consequences, such as chronic health problems and reproductive health issues (Ellsberg et al., 2008). Morover, GBV can have significant economic consequences for women, including lost productivity, reduced earnings, and increased healthcare costs (Duvvury et al., 2013). Women who experience GBV may also be more likely to miss work or lose their jobs, which can exacerbate their socio-economic status (Ellsberg et al., 2008). GBV can also have a significant social impact on women, including social isolation, stigma, and discrimination (Heise et al., 1999). Women who experience GBV may also face barriers to accessing social services and support, including healthcare, legal aid, and counseling (Pallitto & O'Campo, 2005). Addressing these impacts is impossible without adequate data and an understanding of the prevalence of drivers of GBV in the Arab region, including the UAE. However, the evidence on the prevalence, drivers and attitudes towards GBV in the UAE is very limited. The few available studies are reviewed below.
Attitudes towards GBV in the UAE and the Arab region are influenced by various factors, including cultural and traditional norms, as well as broader structural inequalities (Al Atom, 2015). A survey study conducted on members of the Arab League highlights the UAE's relatively positive ranking in women's reproductive rights and political participation, while identifying challenges in areas such as violence against women and women's economic participation (Chowdhury, 2015). Studies on gender roles in the Arab region emphasize the diverse range of attitudes shaped by religion, custom, family, and law, which impact women's freedom and opportunities (PBS, 2002). By contrast, other studies challenge the perception that Islam is universally oppressive towards women, as evidence suggests that it has also been instrumental in women's rights reform (Pew Research Center, 2006). A nuanced understanding of Arab attitudes towards gender roles is crucial, considering their complexity and the interplay between religion, culture, and women's rights (Chowdhury, 2015). Acknowledging these diverse attitudes and addressing the underlying factors is essential in effectively addressing GBV and promoting gender equality in the region.
In contemporary scholarly works, GBV in the UAE has shown to be influenced by the coexistence of traditional and modern values (Almulla, 2020). Several factors contribute to GBV in the UAE and other Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. These factors encompass demographic characteristics such as age, marital status, and weight, as well as socio-cultural aspects like polygamous marriages and households that tolerate marital violence (Al Kiyumi et al., 2023). Moreover, husbands with adverse childhood experiences, low education, unemployment, substance misuse, poor self-regulation, poor mental health outcomes, and autocratic tendencies are more likely to perpetrate domestic violence (Al Kiyumi et al., 2023). Gender-based violence against women journalists in the UAE is driven by intimidation and violence related to their work, defamation and attacks for their reporting, harassment in various settings, as well as prejudice, stereotypes, cultural norms, and gender roles (Arab journalists' body, 2021; Safa & Akter, 2015). Similarly, in Qatar, gender-based violence is shaped by societal expectations of gender roles and the conflicts that arise when these roles are challenged. Cultural values, norms, and power imbalances between genders contribute to the perpetuation of violence (Al-Kuwari, 2020). Furthermore, cultural norms that legitimize violence, structures of patriarchy, lack of economic and political power, absence of legal and institutional support, and gender-discriminatory workplace structures are key causes of GBV in GCC societies (Al-Kuwari, 2020). It is important to address the issue of safety for women entrepreneurs, particularly those operating in informal sectors, as violence or the threat of violence hampers their freedom in choosing business location and hours, limiting their opportunities for success (Taqi, 2016). Understanding the prevalence and drivers of GBV in the UAE holds paramount importance for research and policy endeavors aimed at effective prevention and intervention efforts.
This research project aligns with the UAE's commitment to gender equality and combating GBV. According to the United Arab Emirates' National Report on the Implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women 2019), the UAE has made significant progress by enshrining the principle of prohibiting gender-based discrimination in its constitution and national laws, ratifying international conventions, and establishing institutions like the Gender Balance Council. The "National Strategy for Women's Empowerment and Entrepreneurship" and the "National Strategy for Motherhood and Childhood" demonstrate the UAE's dedication to women's advancement and child protection. Moreover, UAE agencies such as Ewaa and Ma'an actively engage in various aspects of social welfare and community development. These agencies play a crucial role in addressing GBV and promoting the well-being of individuals in the UAE. In building upon the UAE's existing efforts, this research project aims to contribute to the ongoing activities in combating GBV effectively, generating valuable insights for policy recommendations and prevention strategies, and further deepening the understanding of GBV drivers to address this pressing social challenge in the UAE.
METHODOLOGY
The primary data source for this research project is the ZU survey, which aims to measure GBV and attitudes towards women within the ZU community. The survey questions will be developed using the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) as a guide[1], with adaptations made to align them with the ZU context. The DHS survey includes detailed information on the frequency of the respondent's experiences with emotional, physical, and sexual violence, along with questions on when the respondent believes violence is permissible and when not. The DHS survey also includes information other relevant factors such as employment status, intra-household bargaining, and health status. The ZU survey will be administered online to all ZU female and male students, staff, and faculty members. It will gather detailed information on GBV experiences, including emotional, physical, and sexual violence, attitudes towards GBV, as well as insights into challenges and potential solutions related to GBV in the UAE. Demographic and family information, such as age, gender, disability status, economic status, marital status, place of residence, conflict exposure, and parental background, will also be collected. Before the official launch, a pilot survey will be conducted with a small group of ZU students, and ethical clearance will be obtained from the ZU Ethical Review Board. Following completion and analysis of the survey, a minimum of five focus groups will be conducted to delve deeper into the quantitative findings and identify underlying mechanisms.
In addition to the ZU survey, the research project will attempt to draw on alternative data sources to enhance its findings. One such source is Ewaa, a platform and resource in the UAE that focuses on social welfare issues, including domestic violence and gender-based violence. Ewaa provides support services, information, and resources for individuals and families affected by violence. If available, the preliminary data obtained from Ewaa will serve as an additional data source, offering valuable insights into the prevalence and nature of gender-based violence in the UAE. This data will complement the findings from the ZU survey, enriching the research project's understanding of GBV in the region.
The research project has three primary objectives. Firstly, it aims to quantify the extent of GBV in the UAE as well as how GBV is perceived in the UAE using the new UAE data from the ZU survey. This information will be crucial in designing appropriate policies within the country. Secondly, the project seeks to understand the drivers of GBV, such as exploring whether certain socio-economic statuses or age groups experience higher levels of GBV. Lastly, through the focus group discussions, the project will uncover the mechanisms behind the quantitative findings. All gathered data and insights will be used to formulate evidence-driven policy recommendations for addressing GBV in the UAE and will be shared with policymakers and the general public.
[1] For an overview of the DHS data, please see https://www.statcompiler.com/en/ and https://dhsprogram.com/. The DHS surveys have been used extensively in policy and academic research on GBV, as well as a variety of other topics.
In addition to the ZU survey, the research project will attempt to draw on alternative data sources to enhance its findings. One such source is Ewaa, a platform and resource in the UAE that focuses on social welfare issues, including domestic violence and gender-based violence. Ewaa provides support services, information, and resources for individuals and families affected by violence. If available, the preliminary data obtained from Ewaa will serve as an additional data source, offering valuable insights into the prevalence and nature of gender-based violence in the UAE. This data will complement the findings from the ZU survey, enriching the research project's understanding of GBV in the region.
The research project has three primary objectives. Firstly, it aims to quantify the extent of GBV in the UAE as well as how GBV is perceived in the UAE using the new UAE data from the ZU survey. This information will be crucial in designing appropriate policies within the country. Secondly, the project seeks to understand the drivers of GBV, such as exploring whether certain socio-economic statuses or age groups experience higher levels of GBV. Lastly, through the focus group discussions, the project will uncover the mechanisms behind the quantitative findings. All gathered data and insights will be used to formulate evidence-driven policy recommendations for addressing GBV in the UAE and will be shared with policymakers and the general public.
[1] For an overview of the DHS data, please see https://www.statcompiler.com/en/ and https://dhsprogram.com/. The DHS surveys have been used extensively in policy and academic research on GBV, as well as a variety of other topics.
TIMELINE
EXPECTED EXPERIMENTAL SET UP & RESULTS
The research project will primarily focus on analyzing the ZU survey data to examine the relationship between various independent variables and GBV. Regression analysis will be conducted using the statistical software Stata. The dependent variables will be experiences of GBV and attitudes towards GBV, while the independent variables will include demographic, social, and economic characteristics at the individual and family level. In addition to the regression analysis, qualitative data obtained from the ZU focus groups will be analyzed using the NVivo software. This analysis will help identify key topics and themes emerging from the discussions, providing a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying the quantitative findings.
Since the study is not a randomized controlled trial (RCT), one concern could be that the regression analyses can only identify correlations and should therefore not be taken seriously. The analysis will employ several strategies to deal with this concern in the regression analyses. First, a wide variety of control variables will be included, thus minimizing the impact of confounding variables. To address, omitted variable bias and reverse causality, this study will adopt the method developed by Oster (2019) to estimate by how much higher unobservables have to be in order to explain away the effects in of land/house ownership on entrepreneurship. While including controls may fully capture omitted variable bias, in many cases, observable controls may be an imperfect proxy for unobservable characteristics. A common approach in these situations is to explore the sensitivity of treatment effects to the inclusion of observed controls. If a coefficient is stable after inclusion of the observed controls, this is taken as a sign that omitted variable bias is limited. The idea behind this approach is that the bias arising from the observed (imperfect) controls is informative about the bias arising from the observed and unobserved controls. As Oster (2019) explains, even under the most optimistic assumptions, however, coefficient movements alone are not a sufficient statistic to calculate bias. Following the discussion in Oster (2019), three cut-offs for Rmax are adopted: 1.3Rc (which is the number recommended by Oster based on the experimental literature), as well as the more conservative 2Rc and 1, where Rc is the R-squared from the regressions with full sets of controls.The PI has extensive experience in using these methods with survey data and in the context of studies on GBV and attitudes towards women, (see, for instance, Nikolova and Polansky (2022) and UN ESCWA (2023, in press)).
A different problem is that it is possible that women who experience GBV are somehow selected based on observable characteristics, such as place of residence. If selection on observables is a bigger threat to causal inference than unobserved heterogeneity, we can address this by estimating average treatment effects of GBV via matching. We can generate a matched sample to compare individuals experiencing GBV to a set of control individuals (without GBV experience) using a statistical technique called genetic matching because it directly maximizes covariate balance (Diamond and Sekhon, 2013; Sekhon, 2011). Once again, the PI has used this technique in her published research using survey analysis (see Sambanis et al. 2022).
The expected novel results from the project are three-fold. As a baseline, the project will provide an estimate of GBV experiences from the UAE. Second, the project will investigate the drivers and perceptions of GBV. Third, using the UAE data, the project will delve deeper into individual and family GBV experiences in the UAE, and outline research priority areas and possible policy solutions based on the project’s findings. The project’s website will display easily accessible infographics and visualizations highlighting the project’s findings and its policy implications.
Since the study is not a randomized controlled trial (RCT), one concern could be that the regression analyses can only identify correlations and should therefore not be taken seriously. The analysis will employ several strategies to deal with this concern in the regression analyses. First, a wide variety of control variables will be included, thus minimizing the impact of confounding variables. To address, omitted variable bias and reverse causality, this study will adopt the method developed by Oster (2019) to estimate by how much higher unobservables have to be in order to explain away the effects in of land/house ownership on entrepreneurship. While including controls may fully capture omitted variable bias, in many cases, observable controls may be an imperfect proxy for unobservable characteristics. A common approach in these situations is to explore the sensitivity of treatment effects to the inclusion of observed controls. If a coefficient is stable after inclusion of the observed controls, this is taken as a sign that omitted variable bias is limited. The idea behind this approach is that the bias arising from the observed (imperfect) controls is informative about the bias arising from the observed and unobserved controls. As Oster (2019) explains, even under the most optimistic assumptions, however, coefficient movements alone are not a sufficient statistic to calculate bias. Following the discussion in Oster (2019), three cut-offs for Rmax are adopted: 1.3Rc (which is the number recommended by Oster based on the experimental literature), as well as the more conservative 2Rc and 1, where Rc is the R-squared from the regressions with full sets of controls.The PI has extensive experience in using these methods with survey data and in the context of studies on GBV and attitudes towards women, (see, for instance, Nikolova and Polansky (2022) and UN ESCWA (2023, in press)).
A different problem is that it is possible that women who experience GBV are somehow selected based on observable characteristics, such as place of residence. If selection on observables is a bigger threat to causal inference than unobserved heterogeneity, we can address this by estimating average treatment effects of GBV via matching. We can generate a matched sample to compare individuals experiencing GBV to a set of control individuals (without GBV experience) using a statistical technique called genetic matching because it directly maximizes covariate balance (Diamond and Sekhon, 2013; Sekhon, 2011). Once again, the PI has used this technique in her published research using survey analysis (see Sambanis et al. 2022).
The expected novel results from the project are three-fold. As a baseline, the project will provide an estimate of GBV experiences from the UAE. Second, the project will investigate the drivers and perceptions of GBV. Third, using the UAE data, the project will delve deeper into individual and family GBV experiences in the UAE, and outline research priority areas and possible policy solutions based on the project’s findings. The project’s website will display easily accessible infographics and visualizations highlighting the project’s findings and its policy implications.
REFERENCE
Al Atom, B. (2015). Arab attitudes toward gender roles: From homogeneous stereotype to heterogeneous reality. Sociology Study, 5(3), 213-222. doi:10.17265/2159-5526/2015.03.005
Al Kiyumi, M. H., Al Shidhani, A. S., Al Sumri, H., Al Saidi, Y., Al Harrasi, A., Al Kiyumi, M., Al Sumri, S., Al Toubi, A., Shetty, M., & Al-Adawi, S. (2023). Intimate Partner Violence in the Khaliji Women: A Review of Frequency and Associated Factors. Preprints.org 2023, 2023040419. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202304.0419.v1
Al-Kuwari, N. (2020). Gender-based violence in Qatar (Order No. 28022186). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (2637435694). Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/gender-based-violence-qatar/docview/2637435694/se-2
Almulla, K. (2020). Spousal violence against women in the UAE society. https://ajsj.journals.ekb.eg/article_102899.html
Arab journalists' body, Facebook, mediabodiesups join forces to empower women writers. (2021, September 21). Arab News. https://arab.news/4f4rt
Chowdhury, E. H. (2015). Rethinking patriarchy, culture and masculinity: Transnational narratives of gender violence and human rights advocacy. Journal of International Women's Studies, 16(2), 98-114. Available at: https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol16/iss2/6
Devries, K. M., Mak, J. Y., Garcia-Moreno, C., Petzold, M., Child, J. C., Falder, G., ... & Watts, C. H. (2013). The global prevalence of intimate partner violence against women. Science, 340(6140), 1527-1528.
Diamond, A., & Sekhon, J. S. (2013). Genetic matching for estimating causal effects: A general multivariate matching method for achieving balance in observational studies. Review of Economics and Statistics, 95(3), 932-945.
Duvvury, N., Callan, A., Carney, P., & Raghavendra, S. (2013). Intimate partner violence: Economic costs and implications for growth and development. World Bank.
Ellsberg, M., Jansen, H. A., Heise, L., Watts, C. H., & Garcia-Moreno, C. (2008). Intimate partner violence and women's physical and mental health in the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence: An observational study. The Lancet, 371(9619), 1165-1172.
Emirati Times. (February 9, 2022). Share Your Story; Abu Dhabi’s DCD unveils new Domestic Violence Survey. https://emiratitimes.com/share-your-story-abu-dhabis-dcd-unveils-new-domestic-violence-survey/.
Heise, L., Ellsberg, M., & Gottemoeller, M. (1999). Ending violence against women. Population reports, Series L, Number 11.
Khaleej Times. (February 3, 2021). UAE warning: Jail for physical, emotional, sexual or economic abuse. https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/uae-warning-jail-for-physical-emotional-sexual-or-economic-abuse
Nikolova, E., & Polansky, J. (2022). Children and female employment in Mongolia. Economic Systems, 46(3), 101019.
Oster, E. (2019). Unobservable selection and coefficient stability: Theory and evidence. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 37(2), 187-204.
Pallitto, C. C., & O'Campo, P. (2005). The relationship between intimate partner violence and unintended pregnancy: Analysis of a national sample from Colombia. International Family Planning Perspectives, 31-38.
Pew Research Center. (2006). The great divide: How Westerners and Muslims view each other. Retrieved April 3, 2014, from http://www.pewglobal.org/2006/06/22/the-great-divide-how-westerners-and-muslims-view-each-other/
Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). (2002). What are some typical misperceptions and stereotypes Westerners hold about Islam and the Middle East, and vice versa? Retrieved April 3, 2014, from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/mideast/questions/types/index.html?pagewanted=all
Puri, L. (2016). Speech by Lakshmi Puri on Economic Costs of Violence against Women. UN Women. Retrieved from https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2016/9/speech-by-lakshmi-puri-on-economic-costs-of-violence-against-women
Safa, M. N., & Akter, T. (2015). Challenges of female journalists in Bangladesh. Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(5), 207–214.
Sambanis, N., Nikolova, E., & Schultz, A. (2022). The effects of economic austerity on pro-sociality: Evidence from Greece. European Union Politics, 23(4), 567-589.
Sekhon, J. S. (2011). Multivariate and propensity score matching software with automated balance optimization: The matching package for R. Journal of Statistical Software, 42(7), 1-52.
Taqi, N. (2016). The challenges facing women entrepreneurs: A study on Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Brunel University London. Retrieved from http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/13538
UN ESCWA. (2019). Violence against women in the Arab region: Exploring the application of law from a human rights perspective. United Nations.
UN ESCWA. (2023, in press). Property and land ownership and women’s entrepreneurship in the Arab region (E. Nikolova, lead author). United Nations.
United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women. (2019). United Arab Emirates: Gender Equality Profile. Retrieved from https://www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/Headquarters/Attachments/Sections/CSW/64/National-reviews/UAE_en.pdf
Al Kiyumi, M. H., Al Shidhani, A. S., Al Sumri, H., Al Saidi, Y., Al Harrasi, A., Al Kiyumi, M., Al Sumri, S., Al Toubi, A., Shetty, M., & Al-Adawi, S. (2023). Intimate Partner Violence in the Khaliji Women: A Review of Frequency and Associated Factors. Preprints.org 2023, 2023040419. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202304.0419.v1
Al-Kuwari, N. (2020). Gender-based violence in Qatar (Order No. 28022186). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (2637435694). Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/gender-based-violence-qatar/docview/2637435694/se-2
Almulla, K. (2020). Spousal violence against women in the UAE society. https://ajsj.journals.ekb.eg/article_102899.html
Arab journalists' body, Facebook, mediabodiesups join forces to empower women writers. (2021, September 21). Arab News. https://arab.news/4f4rt
Chowdhury, E. H. (2015). Rethinking patriarchy, culture and masculinity: Transnational narratives of gender violence and human rights advocacy. Journal of International Women's Studies, 16(2), 98-114. Available at: https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol16/iss2/6
Devries, K. M., Mak, J. Y., Garcia-Moreno, C., Petzold, M., Child, J. C., Falder, G., ... & Watts, C. H. (2013). The global prevalence of intimate partner violence against women. Science, 340(6140), 1527-1528.
Diamond, A., & Sekhon, J. S. (2013). Genetic matching for estimating causal effects: A general multivariate matching method for achieving balance in observational studies. Review of Economics and Statistics, 95(3), 932-945.
Duvvury, N., Callan, A., Carney, P., & Raghavendra, S. (2013). Intimate partner violence: Economic costs and implications for growth and development. World Bank.
Ellsberg, M., Jansen, H. A., Heise, L., Watts, C. H., & Garcia-Moreno, C. (2008). Intimate partner violence and women's physical and mental health in the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence: An observational study. The Lancet, 371(9619), 1165-1172.
Emirati Times. (February 9, 2022). Share Your Story; Abu Dhabi’s DCD unveils new Domestic Violence Survey. https://emiratitimes.com/share-your-story-abu-dhabis-dcd-unveils-new-domestic-violence-survey/.
Heise, L., Ellsberg, M., & Gottemoeller, M. (1999). Ending violence against women. Population reports, Series L, Number 11.
Khaleej Times. (February 3, 2021). UAE warning: Jail for physical, emotional, sexual or economic abuse. https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/uae-warning-jail-for-physical-emotional-sexual-or-economic-abuse
Nikolova, E., & Polansky, J. (2022). Children and female employment in Mongolia. Economic Systems, 46(3), 101019.
Oster, E. (2019). Unobservable selection and coefficient stability: Theory and evidence. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 37(2), 187-204.
Pallitto, C. C., & O'Campo, P. (2005). The relationship between intimate partner violence and unintended pregnancy: Analysis of a national sample from Colombia. International Family Planning Perspectives, 31-38.
Pew Research Center. (2006). The great divide: How Westerners and Muslims view each other. Retrieved April 3, 2014, from http://www.pewglobal.org/2006/06/22/the-great-divide-how-westerners-and-muslims-view-each-other/
Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). (2002). What are some typical misperceptions and stereotypes Westerners hold about Islam and the Middle East, and vice versa? Retrieved April 3, 2014, from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/mideast/questions/types/index.html?pagewanted=all
Puri, L. (2016). Speech by Lakshmi Puri on Economic Costs of Violence against Women. UN Women. Retrieved from https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2016/9/speech-by-lakshmi-puri-on-economic-costs-of-violence-against-women
Safa, M. N., & Akter, T. (2015). Challenges of female journalists in Bangladesh. Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(5), 207–214.
Sambanis, N., Nikolova, E., & Schultz, A. (2022). The effects of economic austerity on pro-sociality: Evidence from Greece. European Union Politics, 23(4), 567-589.
Sekhon, J. S. (2011). Multivariate and propensity score matching software with automated balance optimization: The matching package for R. Journal of Statistical Software, 42(7), 1-52.
Taqi, N. (2016). The challenges facing women entrepreneurs: A study on Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Brunel University London. Retrieved from http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/13538
UN ESCWA. (2019). Violence against women in the Arab region: Exploring the application of law from a human rights perspective. United Nations.
UN ESCWA. (2023, in press). Property and land ownership and women’s entrepreneurship in the Arab region (E. Nikolova, lead author). United Nations.
United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women. (2019). United Arab Emirates: Gender Equality Profile. Retrieved from https://www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/Headquarters/Attachments/Sections/CSW/64/National-reviews/UAE_en.pdf
Developed by Student ©2024